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DBMS  stand for database management system.It is a software that designed for storing data, defining data ,retrieving data and manage all type records or data into the  database.                                           *----- DATABASE -----*                   ======================= Database refers to the collection of interrrelated data and Database management system (DBMS) is a computer program that manages a database effectively and efficiently. a number of diffrent application programs are written to extract records from and add records to the appropriate files. But this scheme has a number of major limitations and disadvantages,such as data redundancy (duplication of data), data inconsistency, unsharable data, unstandarized data,insecure data, incorrect data etc. A database  management system is answer for all these p...

A shortcut is a small file that is linked to a program,document,folder or an Internet ll.The file luis represented by an icon with an arrrow in its lower left corner. A shortcut is linked to a file or folder. However, that file or folder can be located anywhere on a local hard disk or CD-ROM drive or on a floppy disk.             Method to Create a shortcut ====================================== *  By using cut and paste,or  *   By using the create shortcut wizard. NOTE:-                 A shortcut is a pointer to an object, and not the object itself. you can create and delete shortcuts without affecting the original file.

VPN stand for virtual private network. It is used to create safe and encrypted connection. ------>  when you see  a vpn , the data from the  client is sent to a point in the VPN where it is encrypted and then  sent through the internet to  another point.At this point, the data is decryptedand sent to the server.when thw server send a response, the response is sent to a point in the VPN where it is encrypted and this encrypted data is sent to another point in the VPN where it is decrypted. and finally, the decrypted data is sent to the client. the whole point of using a VPN  is to ensure encrypted data transfer. 

             -:Switching techniques:- Switching is the technique to transmit the message from one source to another hover different network interface. There are three switching techniques   : 1).  packet switching  2). message switching  3). circuit switching    1. Packet switching :- A fixed size of packet which can be transmitted accross the network is specified.Another point of its difference from message switchiung ,all the packets of fixed size arev stored on the disk in main memory . packet switching techniques to break the message and sent over the network with fixed size of bits or bytes. 2). message switching:- Message passing is the technique to break huge data into small messages and paas the small chunks of letters , symbols and other characters of single text into a stream via a network. 3). Circuit switching:- Circuit switching is the technique to establish the hardware among sender and receiver.

Blogs : - A blog is a kind of a website. the term " blog " is the shortend form of "weblog"_a diary or journal on the web.The oener of the blog writes on the blog and is known as blogger or the autherof the blog. the activity of updating blog or writting blog is called blogging. The updates put on the blog by the blogger are called blog-posts. Definition of blog:-  a blog refers to a online journal where entries  are postrd. The word blog has been derived from weBLOG.                                                                                                                                      Definition of blogger and blogging:-    ...

••••••••> BASICS OF IP ADDRESS <••••••••• * IP stand for internet protocol *  every node in the computer network is identified with the help of IP address. IP ADDRESS (IPV4)  * Logical address  * IP address can change based on the location of the device.  * IP address is assigned by manually or dynamically.  * IP represented in decimal and it has 4 octals (xxxx) 0.0.0.0 to 255.255.255.255. •••••••••> BASIC OF MAC ADDRESS <••••••••• *  MAC stand for media access control.  * every node in the LAN is identified with the help of MAC ADDRESS.  IP ADDRESS=LOCATION OF PERSON MAC ADDRESS= NAME OF THE PERSON MAC ADDRESS:- * physical address or hardware address * unique * cannot be changed * assigned by the manufacturer.  ••••••••••> PORT ADDRESS <•••••••••• * In a node, many process will be running.  * Data which are sent/received must reach the right process.  * every process in a node is uniquely identified using port num...

•HTTP •FTP •SMTP  • IMAP •TCP/IP •••••••> HTTP :- HTTP stand for hyper text transfer protocol.... It's known as Internet suit, work upon application layer. Initiated by Tim Berners lee at cern (198).WWW data communication is possible by these prtocols. It also included links. It is used to communicate from client to server the secure varient of http is https. 76% website are calaborate. The two organization are supported to it. ' IETF','W3C'. ••••••••> FTP :- FTP is stand for file transfer protocol. It is standard protocol communication between client to server. Developer of FTP is 'Abhay bhushan' for RFC (request for comment) 959.FTP is mainly used for transfer computer files from server to client on computer network. We can say it make client server model. It secured with SSL/TSL (FTPs)  ••••••••> SMTP :- SMTP is stand for simple mail transfer protocols. Introduced in 1981.SMTP is communication protocol and used for transmission electronic mail. ...